The Golden Age of Sail in Saint John - 1071 Words

Even as the Golden Age of Sail was coming to a close, Saint John had remained at the top – the fourth largest shipbuilding center in the world and one of the greatest in North America. Their affluence took a turn during 1877, when the Great Fire of Saint John devastated the city. It shattered not only the lives of city shipbuilders and merchants, but crippled local citizens as well. Summers in Saint John were typically dry and muggy, though on June 20, 1877 there was an eerie uncharacteristic breeze. Although the cause of the original spark remains unknown, it is believed to have started from McLaughlan Son’s boiler shop or from a nearby sawmill. As wood is a naturally rapid burning agent, it led to the quick demise of many wood built city structures. The structures in the Market Square area burnt rapidly – destroying â€Å"over 80 hectares (200 hundred acres) and 1612 structures including eight churches, six banks, fourteen hotels, eleven schooners and fou r woodboats in just over a nine hour period.† It was a period of despair, as men and women were completely drained after â€Å"dragging bedding, pieces of furniture and other articles through the streets, a vain task in many cases, as the new places of refuge sought out often proved as unsafe as those that were deserted.† Several business owners and residents lost everything they had  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ leaving many Saint John natives with nowhere to go. Support quickly began to pour in from all around the world, with donations reaching inShow MoreRelated The Life and Accomplishments of Sir Francis Drake Essay3752 Words   |  16 Pagesfellow sailors. And most of all, he was admired for his wealth and fame he brought to his country and all who did business with him. Many companies were able to be formed from the wealth he bought to investors like Sir William Winter, George Winter, John Hawkins, Sir Francis Walsingham, Sir Christopher Hatton, and Lord Burghley. It is my belief that Francis Drake’s motivation for the attacks on the Spanish monarchy are a indirect result of the attacks on the Protestants by the Roman Catholics inRead MoreThe Colonization Of The Americas2078 Words   |  9 Pagesdiscovered the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River. Francisco Pizarro crushed the Incas of Peru in 1532. Silver was now very popular in Spain and it set off a price revolution in Europe that increased consumer costs by about 500%. 1519 – Hernan Cortes set sail from Cuba to Mexico, his purpose being gold. The Aztecs attacked the Spanish but a combination of smallpox and conquest gave way to Spanish rule. The Roman Catholic mission was the sole institution in colonial New Mexico. But in 1680, Pope’s RebellionRead MoreDiscovery of America6704 Words   |  27 Pagesexpedition that they hoped would bypass Portugals lock on Africa and the Indian Ocean reaching Asia by travelling west.[5] Funding campaign In 1485, Columbus presented his plans to John II of Portugal, the King of Portugal. He proposed the king equip three sturdy ships and grant Columbus one years time to sail out west into the Atlantic, search for a western route to the Orient, and return. Columbus also requested he be made Great Admiral of the Ocean Sea (for they called the Atlantic the OceanRead MoreQuestions Macbeth Essay3342 Words   |  14 Pagesa fine young Squire. 9) The Squire’s appearance contrasts with that of the Knight because he was dressed well. The Squire wore a short gown with long and white sleeves, while the Knight wore armor. 10) The Squire was some twenty years of age. 11) The Squire’s talents are riding a horse properly, make songs, poems, and recite, draw, write, dance and joust. The Squire’s talents contrast with the Knight because all the Knight did was joust and kill. 12) The Squire sleeps so littleRead MoreAp European History Outline Chapter 10 Essay example5639 Words   |  23 Pagesdraw rational conclusions based on observation * Burckhardt saw the emergence of the modern world emerge from that of the pre-modern, or medieval, period * Some criticize Burckhardt for overlooking the continuity between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance * Scholars agree that the Renaissance (1375-1527)was a transition from medieval to modern times * Different from the feudal fragmentation of medieval times, Renaissance Europe was characterized by growing nationalRead MoreRenaissance And Discovery Of The Renaissance4916 Words   |  20 Pagesworld empirically and draw rational conclusions based on observation. Burckhardt saw the emergence of the modern world emerge from that of the pre-modern, or medieval, period. Some criticize Burckhardt for overlooking the continuity between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Scholars agree that the Renaissance (1375-1527)was a transition from medieval to modern times Different from the feudal fragmentation of medieval times, Renaissance Europe was characterized by growing national consciousness andRead MoreFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 Pagesmoral principle. 2. alliteration: repetition of initial consonant sounds. It serves to please the ear and bind verses together, to make lines more memorable, and for humorous effect. †¢ Already American vessels had been searched, seized, and sunk. -John F. Kennedy †¢ I should like to hear him fly with the high fields/ And wake to the farm forever fled from the childless land. -Dylan Thomas, â€Å"Fern Hill† 3. allusion: A casual reference in literature to a person, place, event, or another passage ofRead MoreThe Philippine Architecture: Spanish Colonial Period18287 Words   |  74 Pagesgroupings of each citizen were simply adopted from the Spaniards. Religion is the center of Spanish influence, which was adopted by the Filipinos. In most of Filipinos’ houses, there must exist an altar, a specific place where the Sto. Nià ±os and Saints were positioned. Through this influence, the space inside the typical house of a Filipino was added and later on became divided. In the building types, the main four classifications of each were the Military architecture which made the PhilippinesRead MoreWalts Whitmans Vision of America in Leaves of Grass17685 Words   |  71 Pages†©The†©Modern†©Library:†©NY,†©2001.†©Ã‚ «Song†©Of†©Myself »,†©page†©113,†©paragraph†©51,†©lines†©21†©to†© 23.†© 4 †© Walt†©Whitman’s†©vision†©of†©America†©in†©Leaves†©of†©Grass,†©TM†©2012†© I†©believe†©that†©he†©was†©veritably†©convinced†©that†©such†©a†©country†©could†©exist,†©at†©a†©young†© age†©that†©is,†©but†©that†©he†©gradually†©started†©to†©change†©his†©mind†©through†©the†©years,†©especially†© because†© of†© the†© war.†© Toward†© the†© end†© of†© his†© life,†© he†© became†© more†© skeptical†© about†© how†© things†© were†© going†© to†© turn†© out,†© which†© is†© why†© he†© tried†©Read MoreConfucianism in Journey to the West31834 Words   |  128 Pagesof how the Buddhist monk Sanzang (ä ¸â€°Ã¨â€" ), accompanied by his disciples Sun Wukong (Ã¥ ­â„¢Ã¦â€šÅ¸Ã§ © º), Zhu Bajie (çÅ' ªÃ¥â€¦ «Ã¦Ë†â€™), Sha Wujing (æ ²â„¢Ã¦â€šÅ¸Ã¥â€¡â‚¬) and Yulong Santaizi (玉é ¾â„¢Ã¤ ¸â€°Ã ¥ ¤ ªÃ¥ ­ ), traveled to the Western Regions to obtain the sacred scriptures is well-known among Chinese of all ages. In the 1570s, Wu Cheng’en (Ã¥  ´Ã¦â€° ¿Ã¦  ©) wrote the story’s most celebrated version, later published as the novel Journey to the West, also known as Xiyouji (è ¥ ¿Ã¦ ¸ ¸Ã¨ ® °).[1] Over the last few decades numerous television adaptations of Wu Cheng’en’s novel appeared

Analysis Of Harlan s Movie Jud Suss - 939 Words

One of the strongest tools a government can wield is public opinion. Harlan’s movie Jud Suss was used as a propaganda tool to subvert the Jewish population by demonizing them. Harlan’s movie is especially dangerous due to the statement he makes where he asserts the claim that he based the entire film on historical facts. Through this Harlan attempts to justify the movie through an allusion to historical views of the Jewish population. Although Jud Suss did have an artistic flare to it, Harlan’s claims of its integrity are inaccurate as the movie was used to incite the public; through the rewriting of â€Å"historical facts†, the surrounding public controversy and the trial conducted about Harlan’s work. To begin, Harlan’s first defense is the fact that he claims to have used the official records to obtain the facts surrounding Jud. The Duke Carl is a man who lives extravagantly, whose taste rivals none in his domain. Jud is painted as a man who utilizes this to subvert the Duke into becoming his puppet which is simply a false accusation. Jud maybe a smart, cunning man but it was the Duke, who lived beyond his means and Jud was blamed as the cause. Granted Jud may have enabled the Duke, however it was the Duke who led his people into chaos by not understanding them. Historical records state the tension which existed in the court as the Duke, a catholic, was not very well reviewed by the Lutheran majority. Another glaring problem is the fact that it was most likely the court

British Airways free essay sample

Going into more deep and applying this theory to such company as British Airways I can say that Product strategy is the main strategy of Marketing Mix (4 P’S). Without Product strategy there is no Place, Price and Promotion. Speaking about BA it is transporting industry its product is not physical and cannot be touched. British Airways product strategy includes flight  services, quality of flights, various destinations across Europe and  the world, executive class, business class, speed, security, support  facilities and years of experience. Nowadays, the main aircrafts which BA uses to transport people are Airbus A318-100, Airbus A319-100, Airbus A320-200, Airbus A321-200, Airbus A380-800, Boeing 737–400, Boeing 747-400, Boeing 767-300ER, Boeing 777–200, Boeing 777-200ER, Boeing 777-300ER, Boeing 787–8, Boeing 787–9. Most of the airplanes which are 77% use either Rolls-Royce or IAE alliance engines. Another 23% is divided between General Electric  and the  CFM International  consortium. To the year 2012 BA operates over 400 aircraft, carries over 62  million passengers annually, and serves more than 200 destinations. The centrepiece of the airlines long-haul fleet is the Boeing 747-400; with 55 examples in the fleet, British Airways is the largest operator of this type in the world. British Airways is a founding member of the Oneworld airline alliance, along with American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, and the now defunct Canadian Airlines. The alliance has since grown to become the third largest, after SkyTeam and Star Alliance. British Airways parent company, International Airlines Group, is listed on the London Stock Exchange and in the FTSE 100 Index. On 12 November 2009, British Airways confirmed that it had reached a preliminary agreement to merge with Iberia. On 14 July 2010, the European Commission approved the merger under competition law, also allowing American Airlines to co-operate with the merged entity on transatlantic routes to the United States. The merger was completed on 21 January 2011, formally creating the International Airlines Group, IAG, the worlds third-largest airline in terms of annual revenue and the second largest airline group in Europe. In 2012, IAG purchased British Midland International (BMI) and announced plans to open a new subsidiary based at London City Airport operating Airbus A318s. [4] British Airways was the airline partner of the London 2012 Olympic Games. On 18 May 2012 it flew the Olympic flame from Athens International Airport to RNAS Culdrose while carrying various dignitaries including Lord Sebastian Coe, Princess Anne, Olympics minister Hugh Robertson and London Mayor Boris Johnson, together with footballer David Beckham. History [edit] Main article: History of British Airways A Boeing 747-100 in BOAC-British Airways transition livery. British Airways (BA) was created in 1974, when the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and British European Airways Corporation (BEA) were combined under the newly formed British Airways Board. [5] Following two years of fierce competition with British Caledonian, the second-largest airline in Britain at the time, the Government changed its aviation policy in 1976 so the two carriers no longer would compete on long-haul routes. [6] British Airways and Air France operated the supersonic airliner Aerospatiale-BAC Concorde; the worlds first supersonic passenger service first flew in January 1976 from London Heathrow to Bahrain. 7] Services to the US were inaugurated to Washington Dulles airport on 24 May 1976; flights to New York JFK airport started on 22 September 1977. A service to Singapore was also operated in co-operation with Singapore Airlines, as a continuation of the flight to Bahrain. [5] Following the Air France Concorde crash in Paris and a slump in air travel following the 11 September attacks in New York in 2001, it was decided to cease Concorde operations in 2003, after 27 years of service. The final commercial Concorde flight was BA002 from New York JFK to London Heathrow on 24 October 2003. 8] A British Airways Hawker Siddeley Trident in transitional scheme with BEA livery but with British Airways titles. In 1981, the airline was instructed to prepare for privatisation by the Conservative government. Sir John King, later Lord King, was appointed Chairman, charged with bringing the airline back into profitability. King was credited with transforming the loss-making giant into one of the most profitable air carriers in the world, while many other large airlines struggled. 9] The flag carrier was privatised and was floated on the London Stock Exchange in February 1987. [10] In July 1987, British Airways effected the takeover of Britains second airline, British Caledonian. [11] The formation of Richard Bransons Virgin Atlantic Airways in 1984 created a strong competitor for BA. In 1993, the intense rivalry between British Airways and Virgin Atlantic culminated in the former being sued for libel arising from claims and counter claims over a dirty tricks campaign by BA against Virgin. British Airways campaign against Virgin included poaching Virgin Atlantic customers, tampering with private files belonging to Virgin and PR undermining the reputation in the City. Following a libel case, British Airways agreed to pay ? 110,000 damages to Virgin (and ? 500,000 to Branson) and ? 3 million legal costs causing BA management to apologise unreservedly for the alleged dirty tricks campaign. An action filed in the US in 1993 by Virgin against BA over domination of the trans-Atlantic routes was thrown out in 1999. 12] Six months after the dirty tricks campaign, Lord King stepped down as chairman in 1993 and was replaced by former deputy, Colin Marshall, while Robert Ayling took over as CEO. [13] British Airways first Concorde at Heathrow Airport on 15 January 1976. In 1992, British Airways expanded through the acquisition of the financially troubled Dan-Air, giving BA a much larger presence at Gatwick airport. In March 1993, British Asia Airways, a subsidiary based in Taiwan , was formed to operate between London and Taipei. Additionally in 1993, BA purchased a 25% stake in Australian airline Qantas in March, and acquired Brymon Airways in May to form BA Connect. [13] In September 1998, British Airways, along with American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, and Canadian Airlines, formed the Oneworld airline alliance. Oneworld began operations on 1 February 1999, it is one of the largest airline alliances in the world, behind only SkyTeam and Star Alliance. [11] Benefits under CEO Robert Aylings leadership included cost savings of ? 750m and the establishment of Go Fly in 1998. 14] However, one year on, in 1999, British Airways reported an 84 percent drop in profits, its worst for seven years. [15] In March 2000, Robert Ayling was removed from his position and British Airways announced Rod Eddington as his successor; Eddington would make further workforce cuts due to reduced demand following the 11 September attacks in 2001. [8] In September 2004, BA announced the sale of its Qantas stake. [16] In September 2005, Willie Walsh, former Aer Lingus pilot and Managing Director, became the Chief Executive Officer of the company. 17] In January 2008, BA unveiled its new subsidiary OpenSkies which takes advantage of the liberalisation of transatlantic traffic rights between Europe and the United States. As of 2008, OpenSkies flies non-stop from Paris to New York and Washington D. C. [18] British Airways and Iberia merged in January 2011, forming the International Airlines Group, one of the worlds largest airlines On 30 July 2008, British Airways and Iberia, a Spanish fellow Oneworld partner, announced a merger plan; the two airlines would retain their original brands, similar to KLM and Air France in their merger agreement. 19] An agreement to merge was confirmed in April 2010. [20] In July 2010, the European Commission and US Department of Transport permitted the merger and to co-ordinate transatlantic routes with American Airlines. [21][22] On 6 October 2010, the alliance between British Airways, American Airlines and Iberia formally began operations; the alliance generates an estimated ? 230 million annual cost-saving for BA, in addition to ? 330 million by the Iberia merge. [23][24] British Airways ceased trading on the London Stock Exchange on 21 January 2011, after 23 years as a constituent of the FTSE 100 index. 25] On 21 January 2011, British Airways and Iberia merged, resulting in the worlds third-largest airline in terms of annual revenue and the second largest airline group in Europe. [20][26] Prior to merging, British Airways owned a 13. 5% stake in Iberia, thus it received ownership of 55% of the combined International Airlines Group, Iberias other shareholders received the remaining 45%. [27] In September 2010, Willie Walsh, the CEO of IAG, announced that IAG is looking at other airlines; and that a shortlist of twelve possible acquisitions existed. 28] In early November 2011, IAG announced an agreement in principle to purchase British Midland International from Lufthansa. [29] Fleet [edit] British Airways 747-400 and 777 aircraft at London Heathrow Terminal 5 With the exception of the Boeing 707 and early Boeing 747 variants from BOAC, the airline as formed in 1972-4 inherited a mainly UK-built fleet of aircraft. The airline introduced the Boeing 737 and Boeing 757 into the fleet in the 1980s, followed by the Boeing 747–400 (British Airways is the largest operator with 57), Boeing 767 and Boeing 777 in the 1990s. 11][13] Boeing-built aircraft for British Airways are allocated the customer code 36, which appears in their aircraft designation as a suffix, such as 737–436, 747–436 and 777–236. [80] Although British Airways utilises a large Boeing fleet, it has always operated aircraft from other manufacturers. [81] British built aircraft were transferred from BEA (e. g. Trident) and BOAC (e. g. VC10), and in the 1980s the airline operated the Lockheed L-1011. [82] It also operated the DC-10 and Airbus A320-100 through the acquisition of British Caledonian Airways in the 1980s. In August 1998, British Airways placed its first direct Airbus order, for 59 A320/A319s, to replace its own ageing fleet of Boeing 737s and A320-100s. [83] British Airways replaced the L-1011 and DC-10 tri-jet fleet with more fuel-efficient, twinjet, Boeing 767 and 777 aircraft in the 1990s. In September 2007, BA placed its first order for long-haul Airbus jets, consisting of 12 firm orders for Airbus A380s and seven options. [84] The Boeing 757 was withdrawn from British Airways service in late 2010. 85] British Airways will take delivery of its first Airbus A380 in July 2013 and have three in service by the end of the year. [86] It will begin regular services to Los Angeles on 15 October 2013, followed by Hong Kong from 15 November 2013. [87] The combined International Airlines Group entity, that BA is now a part of, operates over 400 aircraft, carries over 62 million passengers annually, and serves more than 200 destinations. [20] As of May 2013 the British Airways fleet includes the following aircraft.

Information Technology Impact on the Purchasing Department Essay Example

Information Technology Impact on the Purchasing Department Essay The purpose of this paper is to discuss of the various ways in which information technology has changed the purchasing department, in particular how the Internet has impacted on the purchasing department. Will be outlined the most well known information system, their objectives and the e-purchasing. An example from daily business life will be illustrated in the second part of this paper. 1. Introduction IT is transforming the way that business is conducted. Computers prepare invoices, issue checks, keep track of the movement of stock, and store personnel and payroll records. The personal computers are changing the patterns of office work, and the spread of information technology is affecting the efficiency and competitiveness of business, the structure of the work force, and the overall growth of economic output. Purchasing department has been radically changed by the development of the Information Technology (IT). Simply the communication channels widened enormously, and the information exchange has became significantly faster and broader, simplifying several steps with regards to purchasing, and also enhancing the fast decision making. Also the quality has improved, costs have been reduced, and speed has increased. Many communication channels are available like Internet, email, telephone, mobile communications, fax, video conference calls, GPS, etc. business is now able to operate in 24 hours, seven day a week. 2. Information Technology and Purchasing The Internet can be used by purchasing department for many specific purchasing actions, like; -information search (accelerate the flow of information and increase processing capabilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Technology Impact on the Purchasing Department specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Information Technology Impact on the Purchasing Department specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Information Technology Impact on the Purchasing Department specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The information collected by the buyer may give a clearer picture on the market what will be useful during the negotiation of prices with supplier) -for transactions (advantages in the form of lower transaction costs can be realized if both supplier and buyer are connected to the same electronic marketplace) -follow up the delivery (online web tracking or other integrated systems) -book in advance the stock from Suppliers database The Internet allows companies to exchange data and information in secure line. These applications are significant quicker than the traditional way. Griffin (1990) identified the main cost elements of Information Systems. These are: hardware and software investments, their installation and maintenance, environmental cost (recycle pay in advance), running and security cost, networking cost, training the users. Server room needs to be allocated. The integrated systems, like Enterprise Resource System (ERR), Material Requirements Planning (MRP), System Application and Products (SAP) etc. gives many complex integrated solutions for companies. These integrated systems give complete solutions for all departments of the organization. The benefits for Information System are: -information relevance (more reliable than the human made information) -accurate and up to date information are available -speed of information delivery -improved customer service -gaining competitive advantage and avoiding competitive disadvantage -support for core business function -improved management function -improved product quality -improved communication (internal and external) -impact on the business through innovation The threats of IT systems are the accidents, nature disaster, sabotage, vandalism, theft, hacking, spam and computer viruses. Another big issue of Internet transaction and communication is trust. This is a necessary ingredient in the completion of business agreements. The Computer Purchasing Systems in practice may be used for, stock control and requisition, purchase order placing, expediting, goods receipt, reporting, transaction processing, data capturing and to allocate stock (barcode system). 3. E-purchasing E-purchasing creates value for organization by reducing cost of goods and services, giving higher productivity and reducing processing cost and gives better information and better planning. The e-purchasing can be split in two parts, the e-sourcing and e-procurement as illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1 3. 1 E-sourcing (strategic direction) using the Internet and it covers the elements of buying process which are: -knowledge specification -request for quotation, e-auction, e-tenders -evaluation – negotiation E-sourcing system should enable the sourcing team to: -analyze and model complex decisions in real time -automate the management to contract amendments and renewal -collaborate with suppliers -provide real time information E-sourcing use the internet to make decisions regarding how and where services or products are obtained. E-marketplaces play an important role in this activity, since the price and availability of products from multiple suppliers can be checked from a single point. Another benefit for E-marketplaces in terms of product sourcing is that not only they provide detailed product information from existing suppliers, they also give access to new potential partners and suppliers. Furthermore, the use of reverse auctions and online exchanges enables procurement officers to obtain better prices as they encourage competitive bidding between suppliers. . 2 E-procurement (process driven) covers the following areas of the buying process: requisition, authorization, order, receipt, payment E-procurement is Business to Business (B2B) purchase and sales over an electronic network such as the Internet. The Internets rapid growth has driven many companies to add an electronic commerce component to the ir operations to gain competitive advantage. A well managed E-procurement also could help to reduce inventory levels. Kalakota an Robinson (2001) have identified seven basic e-procurement models: ModelsCharacteristics EDI NetworksTrading partners and customers imple transaction cost value added network charges Business to employee (B2E) requisition applicationsfast buying automated approvals and standardized requisition procedures provide supplier management tools Corporate procurement portalsimproved control over procurement process, business rules can be implemented custom, negotiated prices posted in a multi-supplier catalogue spending analysis and multi-supplier catalogue management First generation trading exchanges: community cataloguesindustry content, news new sales channel for distributors and producers product content and catalogue aggregation service Second generation trading exchanges: transaction orientedrequisition process and purchase order transactions supplier, price and products availability discovery catalogue and credit management Third generation trading exchanges: collaborative supply chainsynchronize operations and enable real time fulfillment process transparency, resulting in restructuring of demand and the supply chain Industry consortia: buyer and supplier ledthe next step in the evolution of corporate procurement portals 3. 3 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) The EDI were developed in 1970s to exchange of business transactions in electronic format. The main functions for EDI are: query handling, transaction handling, funds transfer and technical data. The benefits for using EDI are; reduced cost, elimination of paperwork, time saving and increased efficiencies, improved supplier management, enhanced service and quality, improved access and communication. 4. Examples Few examples brought from the world of the pharmaceutical business and Clinical Research Organization (CRO) outsourcing. The changes due to the IT development could be categorized in many different ways, all very valid ones, I chose to bring separate examples to its ‘slow implementation’, and to its ‘fast implementation’. 4. Slow implementation It utilizes more the ability of calculating/computing of the IT devices – not that much the speed of interactions through the novel communication channels. The example I would like to give is around the costing process when preparing a complex clinical trial to be outsourced to a CRO. A task w ith this level of complexity, requiring the work of so many service lines, individuals with various hourly rates, working of various task durations – most of the time in various countries – so preparing an overall proposal to undertake a clinical trial cannot be done in any other ways than by using ultra sophisticated pricing tools. Most of the times these pricing tools are based on the main features of Microsoft Excel, some other times specially designed software platforms are prepared to handle this specific task. Speaking of Microsoft Office Applications – which are probably the most commonly used ones of the type in Europe – needless to point out that the Proposal Document reviewed by the Sponsor company purchasing (outsourcing) department is initially prepared in MS Word – saved in final stage as Adobe . pdf – to prevent accidental modifications. When the outsourcing process leaves the proposal stage and enters the Bid Defense phase, it is the most common to have the clinical trial displayed as a MS Project simulation, where both the Sponsor Purchasing Department and the CRO to be hired can go through the entire project length, try various scenarios, adjust timelines, etc. Last but not least during the purchasing process MS PowerPoint presentations are most commonly employed to outline the message to be conveyed and to enhance the communication. Still at the IT ‘slow’ implementation, I would like to point out the boost of the various communication channels in line with the integration of the advanced IT technologies. The most information pathways are through e-mails and phone calls, but also specially designed internet secure web areas are quite often available to deposit and access essential documentation and updates when necessary. The uses of such web areas are obviously very restricted by applying the strictest policies to ensure the confidentiality of the data exchanged are always maintained. Phone communications and face-to-face meetings just very recently are to be dropped to the favor of video-conference calls which can host several participants at the same time, regardless of their geographic position. One word for the contrary IT does indeed enhance communication to an incredible extent, however it cannot replace the human contact not even the most developed video conferences will ever be able to offer the same level of confidence between the parties in business as a single handshake, and a clear look in each other’s eyes. Body language is mostly excluded whilst the communication uses advanced IT technology and it’s been said that more business is being done besides a white sheet table than in any large meeting rooms. 4. 2Fast Implementations I would like to point out a single example to a process which utilizes the ‘speedy’ way of the IT technology. This is the large scale drug distribution from the depots of country level coverage in the direction to the regional depots and pharmacies (the example taken is from Converged Enhanced Ethernet (CEE) and drug distribution in Romania). CEE is an enhanced single interconnect Ethernet technology designed to enable the convergence of various applications in data centers, such as LAN, SAN and HPC. These applications are designated for transport over existing storage networks with a high throughput and low-latency communication. CEE may also be called Data Center Ethernet. The price of any pharmaceuticals may depend on a number of things, details of which the frame of this paper will not permit to analyze in-depth. One of the determining factors however is the price induced directly by the market itself. This becomes increasingly important when it comes to trading between National Depots and the regional ones as well as trading with the pharmacies. The available offers and the needs in this close community will drive the prices extensively. This is further complicated by making the price of the various products dependent on the volume of the transaction as well as on the other items purchased at the same time. It all works rather as an auction, and it is all online, real time purchase. The players are in complex communication among each other on an ongoing basis, and the deals are being instantaneously sealed when the reach the common sense. To be able to do such auction-based trading, the IT had to reach an extremely high level of development. Major investments had to be carried out to upgrade the available equipments to ensure this level of communication between the parties. Being a country just recently catching up and somewhat behind in their infrastructure, the relevant purchasing departments had to undergo a thorough change. There were players, who preferred to stay conservative and pursue to earlier fashion of business: after a few years they are no longer on the market. This is the level of seriosity how such things shall be perceived. 5. Conclusion The advance of IT changed completely the main stream of purchasing in relatively short time, and applying the most recent technology has become a matter of survival for the parties in business. With the rapid changes in technology in the recent time, business organizations are rushing to keep pace with these changes. However, mostly dont give sufficient thought and attention to how they can best execute them. Many of us may not notice or may forget an organizations culture and people behind these developments. Bibliography Ricky W. Griffin, Management, (3rd Edition) (1990), Houghton Mifflin Ravi Kalkota, Marci Robinson, (2001) M-Business: The Race to Mobility, McGraw-Hill Companies Emiliani, ML 2000, ‘Business-To-Business Online Auctions: Key Issues For Purchasing Process Improvement’, Supply Chain Management, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 76-186. MCB UP Ltd Oliver Dempsey (2008), Business Organisation and Information Technology, IIPMM Graham Curtis and David Cobham (6th Edition) (2008), Business Information Systems, FT Prentice Hall Donald W. Dobler, David N. Burt (1996), 6th Edition, Purchasing and Supply Management – Text and Cases, The McGraw-Hill International Editions Conor Hannaway, Gabriel Hunt (1999), The Management Skills Book, Gower Paul Bojic, Andrew greasley, Simon Hickie (4th Edition) (2008), Business information Systems, FT Prentice Hall

Rosalind Franklin Discovered DNA Structure

Rosalind Franklin Discovered DNA Structure Rosalind Franklin is known for her role (largely unacknowledged during her lifetime) in discovering the helical structure of DNA, a discovery credited to Watson, Crick, and Wilkins- received a Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine in 1962.  Franklin might have been included in that prize, had she lived.  She was born on July 25, 1920, and died on April 16, 1958.  she was a biophysicist, physical chemist, and molecular biologist. Early Life Rosalind Franklin was born in London. Her family was well-off; her father worked as a banker with socialist leanings and taught at the Working Mens College. Her family was active in the public sphere. A paternal great-uncle was the first practicing Jew to serve in the British Cabinet. An aunt was involved with the womens suffrage movement and trade union organizing. Her parents were involved in resettling Jews from Europe. Studies Rosalind Franklin developed her interest in science at school, and by age 15 she decided to become a chemist. She had to overcome the opposition of her father, who did not want her to attend college or become a scientist; he preferred that she go into social work. She earned her Ph.D. in chemistry in 1945 at Cambridge. After graduating, Rosalind Franklin stayed and worked for a while at Cambridge and then took a job in the coal industry, applying her knowledge and skill to the structure of coal. She went from that position to Paris, where she worked with Jacques Mering and developed techniques in x-ray crystallography, a leading-edge technique to explore the structure of the atoms in molecules. Studying DNA Rosalind Franklin joined the scientists at the Medical Research Unit, Kings College when John Randall recruited her to work on the structure of DNA. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was originally discovered in 1898 by Johann Miescher, and it was known that it was a key to genetics. But it was not until the middle of the 20th century when scientific methods had developed to where the actual structure of the molecule could be discovered, and Rosalind Franklins work was key to that methodology. Rosalind Franklin worked on the DNA molecule from 1951 until 1953. Using x-ray crystallography, she took photographs of the B version of the molecule. A co-worker with whom Franklin did not have a good working relationship, Maurice H.F. Wilkins, showed Franklins photographs of DNA to James Watson- without Franklins permission. Watson and his research partner Francis Crick were working independently on the structure of DNA, and Watson realized that these photographs were the scientific evidence they needed to prove that the DNA molecule was a double-stranded helix. While Watson, in his account of the discovery of the structure of DNA, largely dismissed Franklins role in the discovery, Crick later admitted that Franklin had been only two steps away from the solution herself. Randall had decided that the lab would not work with DNA, and so by the time her paper was published, she had moved on to Birkbeck College and the study of the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus, and she showed the helix structure of the virus RNA. She worked at Birkbeck for John Desmond Bernal and with Aaron Klug, whose 1982 Nobel Prize was based in part on his work with Franklin. Cancer In 1956, Franklin discovered she had tumors in her abdomen. She continued to work while undergoing treatment for cancer. She was hospitalized at the end of 1957, returned to work in early 1958, but soon became unable to work. She died in April. Rosalind Franklin did not marry or have children; she conceived of her choice to go into science as giving up marriage and children. Legacy Watson, Crick, and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine in 1962, four years after Franklin died. The Nobel Prize rules limit the number of people for an award to three and also limit the award to those who are still alive, so Franklin was not eligible for the Nobel. Nevertheless, many have thought that she deserved explicit mention in the award and that her key role in confirming the structure of DNA was overlooked because of her early death and the attitudes of the scientists of the time toward women scientists. Watsons book recounting his role in the discovery of DNA displays his dismissive attitude toward Rosy. Cricks description of Franklins role was less negative than Watsons, and Wilkins mentioned Franklin when he accepted the Nobel. Anne Sayre wrote a biography of Rosalind Franklin, responding to the lack of credit given to her and the descriptions of Franklin by Watson and others. The wife of another scientist at the laboratory and a friend of Franklin, Sayre describes the clash of personalities and the sexism that Franklin faced in her work. Aaron Klug used Franklins notebooks to show how close she had come to independently discovering the structure of DNA. In 2004, the Finch University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School changed its name to the Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science to honor Franklins role in science and medicine. Career Highlights Fellowship, Cambridge, 1941-42: gas-phase chromatography, working with Ronald Norrish (Norrish won a 1967 Nobel in chemistry)British Coal Utilisation Research Association, 1942-46: studied physical structure of coal and graphiteLaboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de lEtat, Paris, 1947-1950: worked with x-ray crystallography, working with Jacques MeringMedical Research Unit, Kings College, London; Turner-Newall fellowship, 1950-1953: worked on the structure of DNABirkbeck College, 1953-1958; studied tobacco mosaic virus and RNA Education St. Pauls Girls School, London: one of the few schools for girls that included scientific studyNewnham College, Cambridge, 1938-1941, graduated 1941 in chemistryCambridge, Ph.D. in chemistry, 1945 Family Father: Ellis FranklinMother: Muriel Waley FranklinRosalind Franklin was one of four children, the only daughter Religious Heritage: Jewish, later became an agnostic Also known as:  Rosalind Elsie Franklin, Rosalind E. Franklin Key Writings by or About Rosalind Franklin Rosalind Franklin and Raymond G. Gosling [research student working with Franklin]. Article in Nature published April 25, 1953, with Franklins photograph of the B form of DNA. In the same issue as Watson and Cricks article announcing the double-helix structure of DNA.J. D. Bernal. Dr. Rosalind E. Franklin. Nature 182, 1958.James D. Watson. The Double Helix. 1968.Aaron Klug, Rosalind Franklin and the discovery of the structure of DNA. Nature 219, 1968.Robert Olby. The Path to the Double Helix. 1974.Anne Sayre. Rosalind Franklin and DNA. 1975.Brenda Maddox. Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA. 2002.

George Washington Essays (142 words) - Smallpox Survivors

George Washington Essays (142 words) - Smallpox Survivors George Washington George Washington was one of the best leaders to ever live on this Earth. We all know that he was the first president and that tells us right away he was great. As a Virginian from Pope's Creek, Washington was responsible for many things, including keeping us out of war. Washington was not a man for fighting, but when he had to, he got the job done. His technique was to wear out his enemies and get them when they were tired. No matter how big the rival's army was, Washington never gave up. The day of December fourteenth, seventeen-ninety-nine, was the day he lost his first war to laryngitis. His last words, which were "tis well," will always be remembered. There will never be another hero like him to ever live. By: Tom Maltese

Storm Drainage Design Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Storm Drainage Design Project - Essay Example ertical axis using different scales, but their horizontal coordinates are the same based on hourly readings from the midnight of October 12 to 11:00 in the evening of October 15, 1998. Rainfall data was plotted using millimetres (mm) and the given observations were used as is. On the other hand, river data, which is usually plotted as a discharge in a unit of volume against time (cubic meters per second or liters per second) is drawn as a function of the given river width (B) and the velocity (V) of flow of the river (since discharge is a product of area and water flow velocity in this case) per hour of observation. The highest point (peak) of the blue line graph is 0.658 meter-BV per hour. The scale used was 1 x 10-1 m, such that 0.658 is represented as 6.58 x 10-1 m. This should explain why the highest number in the vertical axis is 7. It may be gleaned from Figure 3 that although observations were plotted every hour, the time markers were presented every three hours due to space limitations.). However, the data were analyzed using the original values and units of the river level per hour of observation. Prior to the rainfall in 4:00 on October 13, the average reading of the river height from the start of given observations for 28 consecutive hourly readings is 0.262 mm. This will be the basis of the base flow. After seven hours of rainfall, the first peak was observed at 11:00 of October 13 with a height of 1.2 mm. This marks the initiation of the rising limb of the river flood where the height of the river also started to rise compared to base flow. The rainfall data had twin peaks, with the second peak occurring at 21:00 of October or 10 hours after the first rainfall peak was observed. At 9:00 of October 14, 12 hours after the second peak of the rainfall, the peak flow of the river was recorded at 0.658 m. The amount of time for the peak flow to return back to base flow or base flow time is 46 hours. Several factors which influence the characteristics of

Super Format and Rapid Development of TV Formats Essay

Super Format and Rapid Development of TV Formats - Essay Example Additionally, with the increase in demand, a lot of investors came up with new ideas that saw the production of programs to match the demands of the customers in the markets. On the other hand, exploiters came up with the idea of exploiting the novel entrepreneurs with the idea of coming up with interesting and catchy programs that would sell and attract the attention of many individuals in the market. Moran & Malbon (2006) indicate that, with the advent of the digital technology, the global TV market indicated developments in coming up with a digital TV channel, that was directed to the consumers; thus, massive profits were indicated by the investors in the industry. TV super formats According to the research conducted by Ward (2003), TV super formats can be referred to as the elements that are in various ways completely invariable, and in which other programs are derived from. This basically refers to the derivation of many programs from a singular element, as a result of manipulat ion of systems to come up with a new program. TV super formats are, therefore, concepts derived from an original program that are reproduced in another for a different audience. With the right documentation these TV formats can be sold internationally for the original concepts to be replicated in other countries. Right documentation, here, refers to trading licenses between the seller and the buyer of the formats (Ward, 2003). With a lot of competition being experienced in the TV and broadcasting industry, there was a dire need by the broadcasting markets to diversify the rules of governing the broadcasting markets. In the long run, trade in the TV broadcasting saw the inclusion of many more traders; thus many players in the industry (Chalaby, 2011). Rapid development of TV formats Private channels Many parts of the world have experienced an upward trend in the number of channels airing programs. Research by Holmes and Jermyn (2004) shows that in prior years, national channels domin ated the television sets in various countries, whereby viewers had no choice but to view whatever programs were aired. However, this trend took a dramatic change with the privatization of channels in many countries. In their quest to win over the viewers, these channels went looking for interesting and catchy programs to draw the interest of the viewers. The most viable way to do this was to concentrate on format programs. With time, privately owned television networks increased in number and completion for audiences was rife, with each trying its best to attract as many audiences as possible. In most cases, national broadcasters lagged behind in the completion for viewership, as they did not want to air programs that supported other nation’s talents and capabilities. The battle, therefore, was among the privately owned television channels. This completion fuelled the rise and spread of format TV. The investors and entrepreneurs in of these privately owned channels are, there fore, the catalysts for the rise in TV formats. Audience Audiences all over the globe have shown a particular liking to TV format programs over original ones. According to Holmes (2004) the concept of TV formats cannot be alienated from a discussion of the communication industry as far as television is concerned. Television formats are vital in the case of journalists and viewers of

Bad for Teenagers Worldwide Essay Example for Free

Bad for Teenagers Worldwide Essay This research paper mainly deals with how hip-hop music and things that are related to hip-hop are bad for teenagers. Some factors to be found that affect the teenagers are their lyrics or language used, media, clothes integrated, cross-over appeal, gender bias and racism, and the potential of this culture to break ethnic groups in our society. This also tackles some punishments that might be incurred by the youth from the bad effects of hip-hop. The hip hop traditions have pervaded all the rage way of life in an extraordinary manner. While shaped by â€Å"black youth† on the road, the impact of hip hop has turned out to be global. It has undertaken the outer reaches, to the peripheries, and into the communal panel quarters. Even though that the hip hop customs is a probable intense merger of varied populace for the reason that it has its massive traverse attractiveness, it still has its drawback effects. Having its collective influence on teenagers, the concept of hip hop has the aptitude to carry political, societal and trade and industry concerns in the way of life by exposing the public perceptiveness on what is in actuality occurring worldwide and negative aspects on the society and teenagers in particular (Africa Resource Center, Inc., 2007). Language Hip hop in the contemporary time is not similar as it appeared when it started. The precedent hip hop did have a discussion with reference to troubles of existence and music was merely for enjoyment. Different from the earlier period, the present day hip hop confers about subordinates and diversion. Each and every recent hip-hop composition are about the flight of the imagination vivacity as being prosperous, having grandeur, and catching every gorgeous lass, thus altering the standards of living of youngsters. They also influence the teenagers psyche on how to get all these assets aside from rigorously exerting one’s effort in a genuine job. The hip hop lyrics sway them to just vend illegal drugs, filch, and do not be concerned regarding other people. Street verbal communication is broadcasted to the hip hop ethos in the course of rap melody (Williams, 2003). One can perceive the sound of a hip hopper by means of the similar colloquial speech as the African American performers. Irrespective of their civilization, they use words like the word â€Å"nigger† which is one of their most common terms, with some customary belittling connotation of the remark. The rap performers may be revealing narratives of their jagged existence all the way through compositions, however the language used is wreaking the mentality of the listeners, does somehow indoctrinating them, as they tend to take note of the libretto over and over again. The majority of hip-hop music has exaggerated lines to gain lure more interest and sales. Hooligan hit, which shamelessly portrayed fugitive demeanor in the metropolitan, became prevalent. Media The channel of hip hop give the impression of being awfully accommodating of this kind of song and facilitates performers a great deal for their endorsements. Countless television programs have been allotted to hip hop. New-fangled records are constantly publicized on small screen. In point of fact, radios are also enormously especially significant for the progress of hip hop melodies since the youth can have the opportunity to eavesdrop various sorts of the hip hop songs everywhere. Even subversive kinds of music are aired here. These media are the factors that thrust them in the hip hop realm. Ahead of backing hip hop additionally, all hit music videos on music television or MTV must be evaluated well at the same time the youth cohorts of hip-hop must be monitored. If a small screen program can detonate a person from expressing his outlook on certain matters, then recording corporations should also be able to lay off artists for affronting people. Hip hop songs expose this class of aggression and compulsion around sexual pursuits as ordinary affairs. There is an existing reception among adolescents of the type of â€Å"sexual objectification† eminent in this manner of composition, and its displayed videos (Dickinson, 1998). Clothing As indicated by Kakutani, city juvenile African-Americans have drafted in the clothing of higher class whites as a sign of being short of authority in American civilization. Despite the fact that definite stuff achievement maybe unfeasible, the justification for embellishing luxurious branded get-up items is to put forward a picture of victory (1997). A means to utter contempt is by making out with the rebel figure of the street. A lot of fair children are civilizing sightseers who put on a pedestal the extremely ghetto living that numerous black youth desire to getaway. As an alternative of the dreadful transience degree for black adolescents, they perceive the thrill of hostility and as a substitute of aggravation, they set eyes on the vocal disobedience of that annoyance. She also proposed that this explicit channel of emblematic manifestation of teenagers have been converted into the biggest addressees of gangster music. Dark pelt and smeared tresses corresponded to the zeitgeist. The period of 1990 has become subjugated by hip hop style. This is made up of saggy denims showed very slackly, caps displayed rearwards, extra-large tops, and costly sporty footwear. This trend, distinctive from that of the other age groups, has inimitably crossed nearly every cultural frontier. A noteworthy quantity of African American, Whites, and Asian teenagers, without a doubt, get dressed the correspondingly despite of their background (Kakutani, 1997). Cross-over appeal For the reason that hip hop becomes an growing craze, colossal business corporations such as branded shops, industrial stores, and food chains in fact have profited from this occurrence (Salzman, Smith, and West, 1996). While detractors of the hip hop traditions appeared to be paranoid on the implication of sexual characteristics, brutality, and ruthless lingo, this field provides the youth of an archetype of what could be. In the equivalent stratum, the hip hop culture has defied the scheme in conduct that have amalgamated persons, predominantly the youth, crossways an abounding cultural variety. Notwithstanding this maturity of teenagers toward the sense of right and wrong of a nation for advancement, they all the same accepted a facade of American hip hop celebrity verves. Youngsters, alcohol, merrymakings, automobiles, posh garments make up their milieu. They typically do this to demonstrate their control although as a substitute of that, they are debasing their representation and showing a ghastly paradigm to the young people. Hip hop genre which give the impression to be acting the equal part which is to congregate the adolescents as one for an enhance awareness of societal matters and as a result, youngsters are urged to move violently for countrywide settlements. That is why events and performance are continuously prepared to allow the adolescents to put across their way of thinking and behaving through these avenues (Reese, 1998). Gender bias and racism Loads of individuals believe that Hip hop songs and traditions have an immoral power on the youth and that these have an unscrupulous standing of demeaning females through compositions that employ nasty colloquial speech and label females as â€Å"hoes†. What is sardonic is that the performers bring into play renowned terms, nevertheless if was to be told, it would sound as a racist. The artists do not become conscious that the youth is more affected by their kind of songs than any other. They ponder that coarse-hood living is breezy, amusing, and ferocity on the roads is hip, too. Moreover, if the commerce indicates agreement of librettos upholding abhorrence and taking advantage of the females are more and more acknowledged as valid types of inventive demonstration, hip hop music will certainly continue. Such well-known artists like Eminem has obtained a large amount of appreciation and awards delinquent hip hop music which is idolized by many. According to an interview with Dr. Gwendolyn Pough, â€Å"It definitely has an impact on young women, especially young black women† and there exists a few correlations to the themes of hip hop music and how a quantity of juvenile females picture themselves or perform (Alexander, 1998). That melody can generate a frame of mind for the youth and currently, there is a mounting penitentiary female inhabitant for their dealings, for vending illegal items and executing offenses for their boyfriends. A commended multimedia display intended to replicate female encounters with pestering, declares that hip hop melody has at all times been manipulative since it is so undemanding to absorb. It is an idea that females are perceived as things that is acceptable to be merely handed over along the guys. Punishments As stated by Rose in 1991, the associations between trendy society and lawbreaker regulations make available a brief account of hip hop customs, with particular consideration to the violation of directives that is present at the hip hop customs origin. This describes the bearing of hip-hop to the modern discussion in criminal decree erudition about public conventions. The point expressed is that â€Å"street† felony is a chief peril to the youth’s welfare and interests. Each of the notions of penalties such as vengeance, preclusion, incapacitation, and treatment, has come to more projection because of the inventive propositions of hip hop line of attack (Butler, 2004). It initially presents the inkling to engage retaliation as for the belief that for each deed there is an equal rejoinder. Hip hop culture grasps chastisement in person. Several youth in the hip hop realm have been imprisoned or have relatives who have been detained. Reprimand is an implementation of the society’s law enforcement control, as well as a repercussion of personal associations. The hip hop principle of retribution for the youth recognizes that once numerous youngsters are gone from their areas for the reason that they are being damned by the authority, penal complex may have inadvertent costs. Reprisal must be the entity of castigation; nevertheless it should be restricted by critical public good. In a noteworthy period in American record, hip hop sounds are mulling over the outlays of chastisement. Daring, defiant, time and again blasphemous, its melody has multicultural critic since for an instance, the concepts of hip hop aired in different media without fail disapprove of the authority’s courses of action (Lewis, 1998). The most normally alluded to current case in point is harsher central consequences for the use of prohibited drugs such as â€Å"crack cocaine† by the youth. These states of affairs are difficult to envisage for the reason that most of American hip hop customs are not directly articulated politically. Moreover, there almost certainly would be extensive divergence among the creators and regulars of the hip hop scheme about what political views to promote. The chastisement for producers was in particular severe. This topic is not fresh or remarkably astounding within a democratic system wherein anyone would anticipate hip hop society to report to bylaw. The latent of hip hop customs, nonetheless, to manipulate regulations appears less palpable, perchance as hip hop is a merchandise of youngster way of life and conceivably as it give the impression to rejoice insolent and even fugitive demeanor (Africa Resource Center, Inc., 2006). There are a number of stuffs about the formation of hip hop under this category. Initially, numerous performers acquired an active vision of the regulations. The infringe edict did not discourage the graffiti performer, the patent ruling did not hinder the disc jockeys from checking out any hip hop songs that they sought after, and the assets rule did not put off the jockeys from taking advantage of electrical energy from road posts at community recreational areas. Additionally, the hip hop way of life was more about reprocessing or remixing rather than generating out something new. Practically countless hip hop performers labeled themselves reflecting of the criminal directive. As a conclusion, hip hop traditions are atypical, habitually plainly opinionated. Its affairs of state are not all the time straightforward to uncover, and on a few matters, there is an immense multiplicity of viewpoints. Hip hop characteristics indeed presents a lot of disadvantages for the youth as these not only harm them physically, but also mentally. On the evenhandedness and efficacy of American iniquitous impartiality, the hip hop population seems to be dangerously addresses as solitary and the acts of certain groups of youngsters may be hazardously carried out in the society. In the modern account of the world, it is challenging to believe that another leading style of well-liked tradition is growing at a larger scale since several teenagers seem to be listening and adapting the fashion. Hip-hop customs also creates physically powerful set of circumstances for a revolution of criminal impartialities worldwide in the future.Bearing in mind the aforementioned negative factors, this prospect ought to have further inspections and assessments. References: Africa Resource Center, Inc. (2006). Black Life, its Culture, Politics and Consciousness, for â€Å"All Over the World†. ProudFlesh Journal. Africa Resource Center, Inc. (2007). Hip-Hop Culture. Academic Peer-Reviewed Journals. Alexander, Keith L (1998, December). Hip-Hop Magazine Gets Fiery Start, Good and Bad, USA Today interview, 30. Butler, Paul (2004, April 1). Much respect: toward a hip-hop theory of punishment. Introduction: The Hip-Hop Nation. Dickinson, Chris (1998, January 4). 3-CD Set Chronicles History of Rap,† Everday Magazine, 3. Kakutani, Michiko (1997, February 16). Common Threads: Why Are Homeboys and Surbanites Wearing Each Others Clothes?. The New York Times Magazine, 18. Lewis, Gregory (1998). Hip Hop Gives Birth to Its Own Black Economy, The San Francisco Examiner. Reese, R. (1998). The Hip Hop Culture and Ethnic Relations. Far West and Popular Culture Conference From the Fringe. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from http://www.tolerance.org/

Themewriting is Writing Itself :: Writing Education Essays

Themewriting is Writing Itself In deciding as to what I would write my paper on, I ran through the various topics that were discussed in class. Being that the paper topics were left to our discretion, gave me a feeling of confusion and frustration. I have always been used to the typical format done by the majority of teachers in assigning exactly what we were supposed to write about, but this time "I" was in charge. Then it hit me. Why not write about the implantation of teaching students to write themewriting and the affect it has had on the skill of writing in general. What I believe about writing is that, writing has lost its' aesthetics and has become an art practiced by authors and not a skill practiced by the general public. I can recall countless assignments in which a writing assignment gave me great difficulty because I couldn't adapt to the general style practiced by my classmates. Plus if I didn't change my style of writing my grade would suffer. So then, I began to write like the populous and as I beca me a better themewriter my creativity and originality suffered. This might sound silly, but I believe that true original writings come out in misspellings and clutter. Only upon revision and a moment to really slow down, does the writer have a chance to look over what he/she has written. Thus making it good writing. I can honestly say that except for one teacher in my years of writing have I ever learned a damn thing about writing. His name was Mr. Youngberg and he taught creative writing. I loved his class. I was a chance for me to just write and not worry about adapting other writers styles. He did not tell his students what to write about nor did he refer to other books or poems that have been written. The thing that he did was spark our creative side and help us to find ourselves in what we wrote. Heck, we even did meditation exercises that when the music stopped we would be expected to write about something. Not anything in particular, just whatever we thought of while we were relaxing. Because of the appreciation for writing that I gain fro m his class it hard, at first, to write themewriting. I felt like I was just spitting out the same old shit that I have learned or heard in other classes, but this time I was just changing the title.

Promoting Electric Vehicles in Hong Kong

Advantages of using EV (Electric Vehicles) in Hong Kong Improved air quality Electric vehicles have zero emissions at the tailpipe. The wider use of EVs can greatly improve roadside air quality and reduce exhaust emission. Better suited to the urban environment: saving up to 1800-1900 gear changes a day helps reduce driver fatigue, while reduced noise pollution is a benefit to services delivered in residential areas Reduced noise Noise from traffic and transport is a major or fairly major problem. At high speeds, most noise is down to wind and tyres so there is little difference between ICE and electric vehicles. However, electric vehicles are almost silent whilst idling. Incentives Government would extend the waiver of the first registration tax on electric vehicles for five years from April 1, 2009 to March 31, 2014. Low running costs EVs also have higher fuel efficiency than conventional petrol/diesel vehicles. It costs about HK$2. 20 for a normal petrol seven-seater to run for about one kilometre and HK$1 for better ones. However, it apparently only costs about 10 Hong Kong cents for EV. To fully charge up EV, all it takes is about HK$10. That is enough for it to run about 100 kilometres. It is probably cheaper than riding on a bus. Cost savings not only in fuel (up to 10 times cheaper), but also in maintenance (less wear and tear, fewer services). There are also potential significant cost savings in the long-term. Travel distance of EV without recharging the battery In general, electric vehicles today can travel over 100km with a fully charged battery. The distance of 100km can suit most of the drivers in Hong Kong daily.

Autumn and Spring

Autumn and spring are my favorite seasons. Spring is the season between winter and summer. Autumn, or fall, is the season between summer and winter. Both seasons are beautiful. Although there is beauty in the seasons of fall and spring, there are also some distinctions between them, such as weather, color, and activities one can do during that time. In spring, temperatures rise as the days get longer. In later years, I have come to like spring weather after suffering the cold of winter. More rain tends to fall during this season. Spring is flowery. Leaves on the trees start budding out and begin greening; flowers and grass start growing due to the temperatures getting warmer. Colored flowers with nice smells announces the spring to everybody; we also smell the first cut of grass on a warm spring day. People do gardening in spring time too. Spring is more of a beginning to the trees; while, fall marks the end of their run. Everybody loves to feel free with thin pants and short sleeves in spring. Kids, especially, love to go out and play. They ride their bikes, and if it is a windy day, it is fun to fly kites. Spring is the time for baseball. Spring is a busy time for animals; they sleep all winter and become active again during this time. Many animals will have their young in the spring; when food is plentiful. Furthermore, their young will have time to grow before experiencing a cold winter themselves. Spring is a busy time for people, too. Farmers take care of the newborn animals; and they plant seeds in the fields. People go swimming and sailing for their pleasure. Who can forget the way lemonade tastes on the first day of spring? The fall season is cool with nippy weather. Nothing compares to the color of autumn leaves at the peak of their splendor. Leaves of some trees will turn colors, such as red, yellow, gold, orange, and brown as they all fall to the ground. I love to see the fall colors every autumn. Leaves crunch and crackle under my feet and whirl all around me. The sun goes down so early. Everyone likes the magic of the fall color. Some plants bear fruit. For example, there are apple trees in bloom. Ripe apples falls for eating, baking, and caramel apple making. The next interesting thing is the pumpkin. People choose a great big pumpkin, carve a face, make a ack-o-lantern, and roast the seeds. Halloween and Thanksgiving are the main holidays in fall. Football is a favorite game in fall. People do hiking and bicycling activities in the fall season. One day trees are all bare, leaves have fallen everywhere and there is an icy chill in the air. Very soon winter will be here. Animals will store and eat food to prepare for hibernation or dormancy. Earthworms tunnel down where the earth does not freeze; squirrels and chipmunks store seeds. We can hear the honking of geese when migrating. We can also can smell burning leaves and smoking woods. Even though there are many differences between these two seasons, there are a couple of similarities, too. First, the length of day and night are the same. Second, both seasons are transitional seasons. Spring precedes summer and fall precedes winter. On the first day of spring and fall (March 20 and September 22) the sun shines exactly over the equator and at that time the day and night time are the same at almost all the places in the world. In both seasons people like to travel. Both seasons are great in many ways. However, I admire the magic of fall colors.

Exceptionality Paper essays

Exceptionality Paper essays I have lived in New Hampshire all my life. For 15 years I lived in the same small town, going to school with the same kids every year. Being from New Hampshire and a small town, there wasnt much ethnic diversity. My sister is four years older than I am. She decided to go to St. Josephs College in Hartford, Connecticut. For her sophomore year she decided to move off campus and move in with a guy that she was seeing. He lived in the Puerto Rican section of Hartford. She kept saying how she wanted me to go down a visit her. After much persuasion I decided to go down and visit with her when I was planning on going to a concert in Massachusetts. It was near the end of March because I remember it was almost my birthday. My mom said that it would take me about two and a half hours to drive down there because of the traffic. So I left right after I got out of school at 2:15pm. The drive was long but I didnt mind because I liked driving in traffic. My sister gave me directions to a Wendys that she wanted me to meet her at in Hartford. I managed to drive all the way down there and not get lost, until I got off the interstate. Wendys was about a foot away from the light I was at but I didnt see the sign and the building was behind another building. So I kept driving for about 2 miles and finally turned around. When I got there my sister was already there so we just left and went to her apartment. After about 15 minutes of driving on back streets we pull up to this rundown building. It looked like it should be Club Med for the homeless. I get out of the car and look around. There were laundry lines going across the street from building to building. Other laundry was hanging on the railings as I walked up the stairs. It seemed like every 5 10 minutes an ambulance, fire truck, or police car was driving by with there sirens on. We make our way to the third floor. ...

Countries and Nationalities

Countries and Nationalities Dialogue in Romaji Mike: Ginkou wa doko desu ka. Yuki: Asoko desu. Mike: Nan-ji kara desu ka. Yuki: Ku-ji kara desu. Mike: Doumo. Dialogue in Japanese : : : : : Dialogue in English Mike: Where is the bank? Yuki: It is over there. Mike: What time is the bank open from? Yuki: From 9 oclock. Mike: Thanks. Do you remember how to ask someone what country he or she is from? The answer is Okuni wa dochira desu ka 㠁Šå› ½Ã£  «Ã£  ¯Ã£  ©Ã£  ¡Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š Dochira 㠁 ©Ã£  ¡Ã£â€šâ€° and doko 㠁 ©Ã£ â€œ both mean where. Doko is less formal. How do you say, What time is it? The answer is Nan-ji desu ka ä ½â€¢Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹ Todays question is Nan-ji kara desu ka ä ½â€¢Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹. Kara 㠁‹ã‚‰ is a particle and means from. Quiz Translate into Japanese. Check your answers at the end of the lesson.(1) Im from Japan.(2) Im from England. Here are some vocabulary for the names of the countries.   Nihon Japan Ingurando England Amerika America Itaria Italy Chuugoku China Kanada Canada Doitsu Germany Mekishiko Mexico Furansu France Oosutoraria Australia Click here to learn how to write the names of the countries in katakana. Expressing the nationality is easy. Just put jin (ä º º) (which means person or people) after the name of country.   Nihon-jin Japanese Amerika-jin American Kanada-jin Canadian Answers for the Quiz(1) Nihon kara desu. æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š(2) Igirisu kara desu. ã‚ ¤Ã£â€š ®Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š

DIABETES - APA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DIABETES - APA - Essay Example It is most common in those people having high weight issues and family history of diabetes problem. However, South Asian Women are highly prone to diabetes because of insulin resistance, high calorie diet and lack of physical activity. South Asians are emigrants and second generation from India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. It needs to be understood that Type-2 Diabetes is quite common among Asian Women that creates Insulin resistance along with disallowing blood sugar to enter into cells and thus affecting the energy level. Ramachandran and Vijay, (1999) believed that high weight and calorie rich diet along with genetics play an important role in increasing the chances of diabetes. There is no denying that Asian Women are on a healthier side because of high consumption of oily and rich food stuffs. Their living standard and life style also makes things difficult for them in the short as well as in the long run. Sriskantharajah and Kai (2006) stated that people of South Asian origin have higher degree of mortality and morbidity because of diabetes and heart complications. This is mainly because of the low degree of physical activity and wellness among this group compared to European and other ethnic groups. The prime reason behind high degree of diabetes complications among South Asian Women is mainly because of issues like obesity, consumption of foods leading to obesity and low insulin and cholesterol resistance. Moreover, South Asian Women are not very much into physical activities that further affect the diabetes issues along with aggravating the issue. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder resulting in chronic hyperglycemia and Hyper lipidemia that ultimately induces multiple system pathologies; increasing the risk for atherosclerosis, coronary heart diseases, myocardial infarction, renal disease and periodontitis. The purpose of the study is to determine

Introduce your research topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduce your research topic - Essay Example The first element is a state of human mind that is beyond that of other animals and this means consideration of happiness must go beyond what animals can feel. A consistent attitude over a long period and that is strong enough to overcome challenges is another element of happiness and this disqualifies short-term pleasures from being categorized as happiness. The long-term attitude must further be of satisfaction with a person’s environment and embedded in the person’s mind. The definition identifies significance of factors that influence a person’s attitude to happiness of the role of mediator factors on effects of the primary factors on a person’s level of happiness. An understanding of the actual definitions of spirituality and religion is therefore important for investigating and explaining possible effects of the two factors on happiness. Spirituality is the aspect of a person’s inner being and how the person relate to his or her environment. It has been associated with such concepts as morality, holiness, and sanctity (Young and Koopsen 9, 10). Religion is, however, the practical manifestation of spirituality and is often visible through such aspects as culture and behavior. It is a social characteristic, unlike spirituality that is an individual trait and may be embedded too deep to be perceived from an outward look (Young and Koopsen 89, 90). The two however defines an individual’s personality, the individual’s interaction with the environment, and are therefore important in a person’s attitude towards contentment with the environment. A person’s moral conscience, an element of spirituality that can be manifested in behavior, can therefore define the individual’s value for other people in an environment and the people’s possessions. An understanding that spirit cont rols forces in an individual’s environment and that it is not an individual’s responsibility to

The Effects of Anthropogenic sound on Marine Mammals Research Paper

The Effects of Anthropogenic sound on Marine Mammals - Research Paper Example It is reasonable to presume that number of adaptive mechanisms has evolved in marine mammals to deal with natural sounds; however it is still uncertain to state that those mechanisms are sufficient to compensate for the comparatively recent advent of anthropogenic ocean noise. Different approaches are adapted by cetaceans that are far better than those developed by terrestrial species at averting or managing the problems created by masking. (Wright et al, 2007) Regardless of these adaptations, they still have limits to mask with this noise. Sound waves travel further than light in ocean, unfortunately influencing large area of marine mammals. Auditory capabilities have evolved to supplement and/or replace the use of vision for many marine animals. The main reason behind this is that light does not travel very far in water. Although the sound in the ocean environment is a feature of marine mammal habitat, yet marine mammals tends to choose their locations and alter their behaviour positioned on natural and anthropogenic sounds. (Hildebrand, 2005) .Depending on factors, some of which are species, individual, age, sex, initial exposure to noise, and behavioural state, marine mammals shows great variation in the response to noise. Sources of sound in the aquatic environment can be natural or man-made, but the natural sources are not studied in detail because they could not be controlled easily. Therefore, the focus shifts to the management of noise made by human contributions to the marine acoustic environment, in which sound plays important natural roles. Wide ranges of sound are produced by human activities. These sounds are referred to as Anthropogenic sounds. Concern is now growing towards the influence of noise from human activities on the marine life. Yet, there is a conflicting understanding on how these anthropogenic noises affects at the individual or population level. Characteristics of underwater sound,

Outlining Career Goals Essay Example for Free

Outlining Career Goals Essay For this unit, you will write a 3-5 page paper (excluding title and reference pages) summarizing what you have learned about your chosen profession so far. It should be double-spaced, 12-point font, and use proper APA citations. Be sure you use the Writing Center and ask your instructor any questions before the assignment is due. See below for details. Incorporating your reading and research thus far in the course, write a 3-5 page paper (APA style), excluding title and reference pages, regarding your chosen profession. Your paper should include the following sections: overview of the profession educational requirements including any relevant certifications or credentials current issues relevant to your profession, summary of your career goals, and where you see yourself in 5 years. Your paper should include an introduction, topic sentence, supporting statements for each paragraph, and a conclusion. You will be graded not only on the content but your writing and format. Please see the project rubric located in the course syllabus. Outlining Career Goals Keyanna Retic Kaplan University Depending upon the size of the facility, location, and specialty, duties of a Medical assistant may vary. Medical assistant specialty is to complete all clinical tasks and administrative tasks in hospitals, physician offices, and other health care clinics. Their duties may include taking a patients vital signs and history, arranging appointments for patients, helping the physician with examinations, following physician orders and administering injections, and preparing blood samples for testing. When obtaining all the patients information, it is important for Medical Assistants to keep the patients information private and is not to be discussed with anyone but other physicians who are involved with the patients. They work in clean environments and relate with the patients, doctors and other medical professionals. Medical assistants are very busy and are required to complete a certain amount of tasks on a daily basis. They usually work 40 hours a week but some may work only part-time. There are different types of Medical Assistants and different duties depending on where the Medical Assistant practices. There are three types of medical assistants: administrative, specialized, and clinical. Administrative medical assistants are basically responsible for organizing all information in the facility. Specialized medical assistants deal with assisting in operating rooms, x-rays, help doctors administer eye care, instruct on contact lens usage, and work in all other types of specialized treatment centers. Clinical medical assistants mainly assist the doctors in the examination room and perform duties such as, drawing blood, administer medication, vital signs, change dressings, prep patients for x-rays and keeping work environment clean. Medical assistants have to learn how to multi-task. Sponsors believe that medical assistants are required to complete duties in a short period of time and learn how to keep up with all patients that they take care of and keep all important information all in the same hour. It may take some time getting used to but it is all a part of becoming a medical assistant. They also have to learn how to respond to the patients and keep in mind of the patients beliefs. There may come a time when medical assistants have to deal with mean and rude patients or even patients that are in a lot of pain, but that is why the medical assistant is there and certified for. Knowing how to deal with certain patients and their pain levels is a big priority in the medical field, so the best thing is to just have a mindset of calm and collective thoughts. Having the love and mindset for this job will make things so much easier and fun. I like anatomy and physiology. I like to read medical information and having the love in the medical field will help things run smooth and happy. On the job training is a faster way to become a medical assistant and it is possible to start a career in medical assisting that way although many people prefer to go through a training program or receive appropriate education. Typical medical assistant training programs lead to a degree or certificate, and last one or two years, respectively (QuinStreet, Inc, 2003-2012). The Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) or the Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools (ABHES) is medical assistant programs that the medical assistants go through to receive internships at clinics or hospitals. Medical terminology, physiology and anatomy, medical law, ethics, and patient relations are medical courses to be taken upon medical training. Keyboarding, record-keeping, accounting procedures, and insurance processing are office training courses. First aid, laboratory and clinical procedures, and administering medications are taught to students in the program. But although there is no national licensing requirements, depending on the state that the medical assistant decides to work in, medical assistants may have to receive a license to complete certain duties. One of several agencies certifies medical assistants and it is very important to get certified if medical assistants decide to apply for entry level positions. My first priority in starting my career as a medical assistant is to become certified first. Setting goals is one of the best methods that I can do in order to achieve and become a medical assistant. As a medical assistant, a goal that I would like to accomplish is getting involved in activities such as the American Association of Medical Assistants. The AAMA offer education opportunities so that medical assistants can enhance their educational skills and it offers seminars to attend. Getting involved in programs can help lead to career improvements and getting involved is another goal I have set for myself to push me forward. I would also like to become certified in different fields. The more fields I am certified in, the more money I will make and have more job duties to perform. As I move forward in my career, I will make it my goal to push myself harder into taking on high quality task and responsibilities. I will work extra hard to get promoted and receive other opportunities in my field, like becoming office manager. I am prepared to learn new things and enhance my knowledge. If any opportunities come my way, I am open and acceptable to anything. I am willing to put forth effort my success and stay dedicated as a medical assistant. I can see a clear picture of myself in a physician’s office putting my knowledge to work and doing what I love which is helping others. I can see myself advancing and making everyone proud. I know that it will take some time for me to complete all that I need to but in the end it will be worth the wait. In 5 years I hope to settle into an office where I know I will retire from and be happy. But the main thing for me is, that I will go with the flow and according to my facility I work in. I will just have to make wise decisions and keep my head up. I will never settle for less and work really hard and accept everything that I know I deserve. If trials and tribulations get in the way, I know that I will need to keep pushing forward. Medical assistants have to learn how to multi-task. They are required to complete duties in a short period of time and learn how to keep up with all patients that they take care of and keep all important information all in the same hour. It may take some time getting used to but it is all a part of becoming a medical assistant. They also have to learn how to respond to the patients and keep in mind of the patients beliefs. There may come a time when medical assistants have to deal with mean and rude patients or even patients that are in a lot of pain, but that is why the medical assistant is there and certified for. Knowing how to deal with certain patients and their pain levels is a big priority in the medical field, so the best thing is to just have a mindset of calm and collective thoughts. Having the love and mindset for this job will make things so much easier and fun. I like anatomy and physiology. I like to read medical information and having the love in the medical field will help things run smooth and happy. References QuinStreet, Inc. (2003-2012). Healthcare careers: Your information resource for education, training, and schools in the medical and allied healthcare fields. Retrieved from www.health-care-careers.org/medical-assistant-career-training.html Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Handbook, 2012-13 Edition, Medical Assistant, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/medical-assistants.htm Sponsors. (n.d.). Medical assisting career job and training information. Retrieved from www.awesomelibrary.org/medical-assisting-career.html

EMMA,(Jane Austen) Miss Bates character analysis Essay -- essays resea

In the novel Emma, the author, Jane Austen, uses many different techniques to characterize Miss Bates as a woman with no intellect, but a very kind heart. Miss Bates in a humorous character who is loved and loving.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Austen’s diction is one such technique used to characterize Miss Bates. Miss Bates is a â€Å"contented† old woman with certain â€Å"cheerfulness† to her nature. Miss Bates always has good intentions and is always a happy, joyful woman. Her good will towards others makes her such a popular woman even though she has no husband and no physical beauty. Miss Bates had a splendid â€Å"simplicity† about her, and everyone in the town of Highbury enjoyed her â€Å"grateful† spirit. Miss Bates appreciates the small things in life, and never receives any satisfaction from fancy, frilly things. She likes to keep life simple and she is appreciative of every simple gesture bestowed upon her. Miss Bates very much enjoys the companionship of her friends and neighbours more than anything in the world. Miss Bates seems to most people in the town to be a â€Å"silly† old woman who was quite â€Å"poor†, but has many blessings in he r life. Not only does Miss Bates have her friends, she also has her mother and a wonderful home that wants for nothing. Miss Bates has a amiable personality that has helped her to become a popular woman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jane Austen’s detail allows the reader to see another apparent character trait in Miss Bates, her lack of intelligence. ...

National Territory of the Philippines Essay

The Constitution of the Philippines (Filipino: Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas) is the supreme law of the Philippines. The Constitution currently in effect was enacted in 1987, during the administration of President Corazon Aquino, and is popularly known as the â€Å"1987 Constitution†.[1] Philippine constitutional law experts recognize three other previous constitutions as having effectively governed the country — the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution, the 1973 Constitution, and the 1986 Freedom Constitution.[2][3] Constitutions for the Philippines were also drafted and adopted during the short-lived governments of Presidents Emilio Aguinaldo (1898) and Josà © P. Laurel (1943). †¢Ã‚  Background of the 1987 ConstitutionIn 1986, following the People Power Revolution which ousted Ferdinand Marcos as president, and following on her own inauguration, Corazon Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, declaring a national policy to implement the reforms mandated by the people, protecting their basic rights, adopting a provisional constitution, and providing for an orderly translation to a government under a new constitution.[4] President Aquino later issued Proclamation No. 9, creating a Constitutional Commission (popularly abbreviated â€Å"Con Com† in the Philippines) to frame a new constitution to replace the 1973 Constitution which took effect during the Marcos martial law regime. Aquino appointed 50 members to the Commission. The members of the Commission were drawn from varied backgrounds, including several former congressmen, a former Supreme Court Chief Justice (Roberto Concepcion), a Catholic bishop (Teodoro Bacani) and film director (Lino Brocka). Aquino also deliberately appointed 5 members, including former Labor Minister Blas Ople, who had been allied with Marcos until the latter’s ouster. After the Commission had convened, it elected as its president Cecilia Muà ±oz-Palma, who had emerged as a leading figure in the anti-Marcos opposition following her retirement as the first female Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. The Commission finished the draft charter within four months after it was convened. Several issues were heatedly debated during the sessions, including on the form of government to adopt, the abolition of the death penalty, the continued retention of the Clark and Subic American military bases, and the integration of economic policies into the Constitution. Brocka would walk out of the Commission  before its completion, and two other delegates would dissent from the final draft. The ConCom completed their task on October 12, 1986 and presented the draft constitution to President Aquino on October 15, 1986. After a period of nationwide information campaign, a plebiscite for its ratification was held on February 2, 1987. More than three-fourth of all votes cast, 76.37% (or 17,059,495 voters) favored ratification as against 22.65% (or 5,058,714 voters) who voted against ratification. On February 11, 1987, the new constitution was proclaimed ratified and took effect. On that same day, Aquino, the other government officials, and the Armed Forces of the Philippines pledged allegiance to the Constitution. Significant features of the 1987 Constitution The Constitution establishes the Philippines as a â€Å"democratic and republican State†, where â€Å"sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them†. (Section 1, Article II) Consistent with the doctrine of separation of powers, the powers of the national government are exercised in main by three branches — the executive branch headed by the President, the legislative branch composed of Congress and the judicial branch with the Supreme Court occupying the highest tier of the judiciary. The President and the members of Congress are directly elected by the people, while the members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President from a list formed by the Judicial and Bar Council. As with the American system of government, it is Congress which enacts the laws, subject to the veto power of the President which may nonetheless be overturned by a two-thirds vote of Congress (Section 27(1), Article VI). The President has the constit utional duty to ensure the faithful execution of the laws (Section 17, Article VII), while the courts are expressly granted the power of judicial review (Section 1, Article VIII), including the power to nullify or interpret laws. The President is also recognized as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces (Section 18, Article VII). The Constitution also establishes limited political autonomy to the local government units that act as the municipal governments for provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. (Section 1, Article X) Local governments are generally considered as falling under the executive branch, yet local legislation requires enactment by duly elected local legislative  bodies. The Constitution (Section 3, Article X) mandated that the Congress would enact a Local Government Code. The Congress duly enacted Republic Act No. 7160, The Local Government Code of 1991, which became effective on 1 January 1992.[5] The Supreme Court has noted that the Bill of Rights â€Å"occupies a position of primacy in the fundamental law†.[6] The Bill of Rights, contained in Article III, enumerates the specific protections against State power. Many of these guarantees are similar to those provided in the American constitution and other democratic constitutions, including the due process and equal protection clause, the right against unwarranted searches and seizures, the right to free speech and the free exercise of religion, the right against self-incrimination, and the right to habeas corpus. The scope and limitations to these rights have largely been determined by Philippine Supreme Court decisions. Outside of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution also contains several other provisions enumerating various state policies including, i.e., the affirmation of labor â€Å"as a primary social economic force† (Section 14, Article II); the equal protection of â€Å"the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception† (Section 12, Article II); the â€Å"Filipino family as the foundation of the nation† (Article XV, Section 1); the recognition of Filipino as â€Å"the national language of the Philippines† (Section 6, Article XVI), and even a requirement that â€Å"all educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors.† (Section 19.1, Article XIV) Whether these provisions may, by themselves, be the source of enforceable rights without accompanying legislation has been the subject of considerable debate in the legal sphere and within the Supreme Court. The Court, for example, has ruled that a provision requiring that the State â€Å"guarantee equal access to opportunities to public service† could not be enforced without accompanying legislation, and thus could not bar the disallowance of so-called â€Å"nuisance candidates† in presidential elections.[7] But in another case, the Court held that a provision requiring that the State â€Å"protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology† did not require implementing legislation to become the source of operative rights.[8] Historical constitutions Constitution of Biak-na-Bato (1897) The Katipunan revolution led to the Tejeros Convention where, at San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite, on March 22, 1897, the first presidential and vice presidential elections in Philippine history were held—although only the Katipuneros (members of the Katipunan) were able to take part, and not the general populace. A later meeting of the revolutionary government established there, held on November 1, 1897 at Biak-na-Bato in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacan, established the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. The republic had a constitution drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Fà ©lix Ferrer and based on the first Cuban Constitution.[9] It is known as the â€Å"Constitucià ³n Provisional de la Repà ºblica de Filipinas†, and was originally written in and promulgated in the Spanish and Tagalog languages.[10] Malolos Constitution (1899) The Malolos Constitution was the first republican constitution in Asia.[11] It declared that sovereignty resides exclusively in the people, stated basic civil rights, separated the church and state, and called for the creation of an Assembly of Representatives to act as the legislative body. It also called for a Presidential form of government with the president elected for a term of four years by a majority of the Assembly.[12] It was titled â€Å"Constitucià ³n polà ­tica†, and was written in Spanish following the declaration of independence from Spain,[13] proclaimed on January 20, 1899, and was enacted and ratified by the Malolos Congress, a Congress held in Malolos, Bulacan.[14][15] Acts of the United States Congress The Philippines was a United States Territory from December 10, 1898 to March 24, 1934.[16] As such, the Philippines was under the jurisdiction of the federal government of the United States during this period. Two acts of the United States Congress passed during this period can be considered Philippine constitutions in that those acts defined the fundamental political principles, and established the structure, procedures, powers and duties, of the Philippine government. 1.The Philippine Organic Act of 1902, sometimes known as the â€Å"Philippine Bill of 1902†, was the first organic law for the Philippine Islands enacted by the United States Congress. It  provided for the creation of a popularly elected Philippine Assembly, and specified that legislative power would be vested in a bicameral legislature composed of the Philippine Commission (upper house) and the Philippine Assembly (lower house). Its key provisions included a bill of rights for the Filipinos and the appointm ent of two nonvoting Filipino resident commissioners to represent the Philippines in the United States Congress. 2.The Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, sometimes known as â€Å"Jones Law†, modified the structure of the Philippine government by removing the Philippine Commission as the legislative upper house, replacing it with a Senate elected by Filipino voters. This act also explicitly stated that it was and had always been the purpose of the people of the United States to withdraw their sovereignty over the Philippine Islands and to recognize Philippine independence as soon as a stable government can be established therein. Though not a constitution itself, the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 provided authority and defined mechanisms for the establishment of a formal constitution via a constitutional convention. Commonwealth and Third Republic (1935) The 1935 Constitution was written in 1934, approved and adopted by the Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935-1946) and later used by the Third Republic of the Philippines (1946-1972). It was written with an eye to meeting the approval of the United States Government as well, so as to ensure that the U.S. would live up to its promise to grant the Philippines independence and not have a premise to hold onto its â€Å"possession† on the grounds that it was too politically immature and hence unready for full, real independence. The original 1935 Constitution provided for unicameral National Assembly and the President was elected to a six-year term without re-election. It was amended in 1940 to have a bicameral Congress composed of a Senate and House of Representatives, as well the creation of an independent electoral commission. The Constitution now granted the President a four-year term with a maximum of two consecutive terms in office. A Constitutional Convention was held in 1971 to rewrite the 1935 Constitution. The convention was stained with manifest bribery and corruption. Possibly the most controversial issue was removing the presidential term limit so that Ferdinand E. Marcos could seek election for a third term, which many  felt was the true reason for which the convention was called. In any case, the 1935 Constitution was suspended in 1972 with Marcos’ proclamation of martial law, the rampant corruption of the constitutional process providing him with one of his major premises for doing so. Second Republic (1943) The 1943 Constitution was drafted by a committee appointed by the Philippine Executive Commission, the body established by the Japanese to administer the Philippines in lieu of the Commonwealth of the Philippines which had established a government-in-exile. In mid-1942 Japanese Premier Hideki Tojo had promised the Filipinos â€Å"the honor of independence† which meant that the commission would be supplanted by a formal republic. The Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence tasked with drafting a new constitution was composed in large part, of members of the prewar National Assembly and of individuals with experience as delegates to the convention that had drafted the 1935 Constitution. Their draft for the republic to be established under the Japanese Occupation, however, would be limited in duration, provide for indirect, instead of direct, legislative elections, and an even stronger executive branch. Upon approval of the draft by the Committee, the new charter was ra tified in 1943 by an assembly of appointed, provincial representatives of the Kalibapi, the organization established by the Japanese to supplant all previous political parties. Upon ratification by the Kalibapi assembly, the Second Republic was formally proclaimed (1943-1945). Josà © P. Laurel was appointed as President by the National Assembly and inaugurated into office in October 1943. Laurel was highly regarded by the Japanese for having openly criticised the US for the way they ran the Philippines, and because he had a degree from Tokyo International University. The 1943 Constitution remained in force in Japanese-controlled areas of the Philippines, but was never recognized as legitimate or binding by the governments of the United States or of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and guerrilla organizations loyal to them. In late 1944, President Laurel declared a state of war existed with the United States and the British Empire and proclaimed martial law, essentially ruling by decree. His government in turn went into exile in December, 1944, first to Taiwan and then Japan. After the announcement of Japan’s surrender, Laurel formally proclaimed the Second Republic as dissolved. Until the  1960s, the Second Republic, and its officers, were not viewed as legitimate or as having any standing, with the exception of the Supreme Court whose decisions, limited to reviews of criminal and commercial cases as part of a policy of discretion by Chief Justice Josà © Yulo continued to be part of the official records (this was made easier by the Commonwealth never constituting a Supreme Court, and the formal vacancy in the chief justice position for the Commonwealth with the execution of Chief Justice Josà © Abad Santos by the Japanese). It was only during the Macapagal administration that a partial, political rehabilitation of the Japanese-era republic took place, with the recognition of Laurel as a former president and the addition of his cabinet and other officials to the roster of past government officials. However, the 1943 charter was not taught in schools and the laws of the 1943-44 National Assembly never recognized as valid or relevant. The 1943 Constitution provided strong executive powers. The Legislature consisted of a unicameral National Assembly and only those considered as anti-US could stand for election, although in practice most legislators were appointed rather than elected. The New Society and the Fourth Republic (1973) The 1973 Constitution, promulgated after Marcos’ declaration of martial law, was supposed to introduce a parliamentary-style government. Legislative power was vested in a National Assembly whose members were elected for six-year terms. The President was ideally supposed to be elected as the symbolic and purely ceremonial head of state from the Members of the National Assembly for a six-year term and could be re-elected to an unlimited number of terms. Upon election, the President ceased to be a member of the National Assembly. During his term, the President was not allowed to be a member of a political party or hold any other office. Executive power was meant to be exercised by the Prime Minister who was also elected from the Members of the National Assembly. The Prime Minister was the head of government and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. This constitution was subsequently amended four times (arguably five depending on how one considers Proclamation No. 3 of 1986). On October 16-17 1976, a majority of barangay voters (Citizen Assemblies) approved that martial law should be continued and ratified the amendments to the Constitution proposed  by President Marcos.[19] The 1976 amendments were: †¢an Interim Batasang Pambansa (IBP) substituting for the Interim National Assembly †¢the President would also become the Prime Minister and he would continue to exercise legislative powers until martial law should have been lifted. The Sixth Amendment authorized the President to legislate: Whenever in the judgment of the President there exists a grave emergency or a threat or imminence thereof, or whenever the Interim Batasang Pambansa or the regular National Assembly fails or is unable to act adequately on any matter for any reason that in his judgment requires immediate action, he may, in order to meet the exigency, issue the necessary decrees, orders or letters of instructions, which shall form part of the law of the land. The 1973 Constitution was further amended in 1980 and 1981. In the 1980 amendment, the retirement age of the members of the Judiciary was extended to 70 years. In the 1981 amendments, the false parliamentary system was formally modified into a French-style semi-presidential system: †¢executive power was restored to the President; †¢direct election of the President was restored; †¢an Executive Committee composed of the Prime Minister and not more than fourteen members was created to â€Å"assist the President in the exercise of his powers and functions and in the performance of his duties as he may prescribe;† and the Prime Minister was a mere head of the Cabinet. †¢Further, the amendments instituted electoral reforms and provided that a natural born citizen of the Philippines who has lost his citizenship may be a transferee of private land for use by him as his residence. The last amendments in 1984 abolished the Executive Committee and restored the position of Vice-President (which did not exist in the original, unamended 1973 Constitution). In actual practice, while the 1973 Constitution was ideally supposed to set up a true parliamentary system, the late President Marcos had made use of subterfuge and manipulation in order to keep executive power for himself, rather than devolving executive powers to the Parliament, as headed by the Prime Minister. The end result was that the 1973 Constitution – due to all amendments and subtle manipulations – was  merely the abolition of the Senate and a series of cosmetic text-changes where the old American-derived terminologies such House of Representatives became known as the â€Å"Batasang Pambansa† (National Assembly), Departments became known as â€Å"Ministries†, cabinet secretaries became known as â€Å"cabinet ministers†, and the President’s assistant – the Executive Secretary – became known as the â€Å"Prime Minister.† Ultimately, Marcos’ so-called â€Å"Parliamentary System† therefore functioned as an authoritarian-run Presidential System due to the series of amendments and other modifications put in place after the 1973 Constitution was ratified. 1986 â€Å"Freedom Constitution† Following the EDSA People Power Revolution that removed President Ferdinand E. Marcos from office, the new President, Corazon C. Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3 as a provisional constitution to would prepare for the next constitution. It adopted certain provisions from the 1973 constitution and granted the President broad powers to reorganise the government and remove officials from office, and mandated that the president would appoint a commission to draft a new constitution. refference/source; # a b â€Å"The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines†. 15 October 1986. http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/70-1987-constitution.html. Retrieved 2008-04-03. # ^ Isagani Cruz (1993). Constitutional Law. Quezon City, Philippines: Central Lawbook Publishing Co., Inc.. pp. 19. ISBN 971-16-0184-2. # ^ Joaquin Bernas, S.J. (1996). The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: A Commentary. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store. pp. xxxiv-xxxix. ISBN 971-23-2013-8. # ^ â€Å"1986 Provisional â€Å"Freedom† Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines†. 25 March 1986. http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/69-1986-constitution.html. Retrieved 2008-04-03. # ^ â€Å"Local Government Code of 1991†. 1 January 1992. http://www.chanrobles.com/localgov.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-09. # ^ â€Å"People vs. Tatud (G.R. No. 144037)†. Supreme Court of t he Philippines. 26 September 2003. http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2003/sep2003/144037.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-09. # ^ â€Å"Pamatong vs. Comelec (G.R. No. 161872)†. Supreme Court of the Philippines. 13 April 2004. http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2004/apr2004/161872.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-09. # ^ â€Å"Oposa et al. v. Fulgencio (G.R. No. 101083)†. Supreme Court of the Philippines (requoted by Lawphil.net). 30 July 1993. http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1993/jul1993/gr_101083_1993.html. Retrieved 2007-06-09. # ^ Wikisource-logo.svg 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato (Philippines) at Wikisource. # ^ â€Å"1897 Biac-na-Bato Constitution†. Corpus Juris. 1 November 1897. http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/300-1897-biac-na-bato-constitution.html?showall=1. Retrieved 2009-01-25. # ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). The encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars: a political, social, and military history. ABC-CLIO. p. 364. ISBN 9781851099511. http://books.google.com/?id=8V3vZxOmHssC # ^ Guevara, Sulpico, ed (2005). The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898-1899.. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972). pp. 104–119. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;iel=1;view=toc;idno=aab1246.0001.001. Retrieved 2008-03-26 . (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara) # ^ Guevara 2005, p. 88.